British molecular biologist who discovered crystallographic electron microscopy.

• 1982 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist who discovered the structure of cholesterol and other steroids.

• 1928 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German biochemist who isolated several sex hormones.

• 1939 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Leopold Ruzicka

German chemist who studied the chemical nature of dyes.

• 1905 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Scottish biochemist known for his work with nucleotides.

• 1957 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Swiss chemist who studied the linkage of atoms in molecules.

• 1913 Nobel Prize for Chemistry

British chemist who invented partition chromatography.

• 1952 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Richard Synge

Swedish biochemist who developed techniques for separating proteins.

• 1948 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist known for his studies of fermentation.

• 1929 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Hans von Euler-Chelpin

Finnish scientist known for his work in agricultural and nutrition chemistry.

• 1945 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist who developed a method to synthesize chains of amino acids.

• 1984 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist who created synthetic molecules that behave like organic molecules.

• 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Donald Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn

American biochemist who discovered how the structure of a protein is related to its function.

• 1972 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Stanford Moore and William Stein

British chemist known for his work on nucleotides.

• 1956 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Nikolai Semenov

British chemist known for his work on the geometric structure of organic molecules.

• 1969 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Odd Hassel

American chemist who helped develop synthetic molecules that behave like organic molecules.

• 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Charles Pedersen and Jean-Marie Lehn

American chemist who developed the use of molecular beams to study chemical reactions.

• 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Yuan Lee and John Polanyi

German biochemist who studied fermentation.

• 1907 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist whose work synthesizing molecules found in nature contributed to raising the standard of living in America.

• 1990 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist known for his studies of purine and sugar compounds and amino acids.

• 1902 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British physicist.

• 1908 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist known for his work with organometallics (combinations of metal and organic matter).

• 1973 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Geoffrey Wilkinson

British chemist and physicist who developed the mass spectrograph.

• 1922 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

French physicist. Assistant of Marie Curie who married her daughter, Irène.

• 1935 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry with his wife, Irène

British chemist known for his work on the structure of proteins.

• 1958 and 1980 (with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert) Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist who helped develop high-pressure chemical methods.

• 1931 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Carl Bosch

German chemist known for synthesizing ammonia from its elements.

• 1918 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Austrian chemist who developed techniques allowing the analysis of very small chemical samples.

• 1923 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist known for his work on organometallics (combinations of metal and organic matter).

• 1973 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Ernst Fischer

Hungarian chemist known for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes.

• 1943 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist known for his work on fast chemical reactions induced by short pulses of energy.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Manfred Eigen and Ronald Norrish

German chemist who discovered ylides (substances that aid in the synthesis of organic compounds).

• 1979 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Herbert Brown

German-born Canadian chemist known for his studies of free radicals (atoms with an odd number of electrons).

• 1971 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Italian chemist known for his work with high polymers.

• 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Karl Ziegler

American nuclear chemist who helped discover nine elements, including plutonium.

• 1951 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Edwin McMillan

Swedish chemist who studied fermentation.

• 1929 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Arthur Harden

German biochemist known for his work with haemin (the substance that makes blood red) and chlorophyll (the substance that makes plants green).

• 1930 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist who discovered deuterium (heavy hydrogen).

• 1934 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist known for his work on photosynthesis.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Johann Deisenhofer and Robert Huber

German chemist known for his analysis of bile acids and his theories on oxygenation.

• 1927 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry.

French chemist who isolated the element fluorine and developed the electric arc furnace.

• 1906 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Canadian-American chemist known for his research on metal ions.

• 1983 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist known for his work with boron compounds.

• 1979 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Georg Wittig

American scientist known for using X-ray diffraction to study the molecular structure of crystallized compounds.

• 1985 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Jerome Karle

German chemist whose studies of polymers assisted in the development of many plastics.

• 1953 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Russian-born Belgian chemist known for his work on nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

• 1977 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for his work in the field of surface chemistry.

• 1932 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Dutch scientist who was the recipient of the first Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

• 1901 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for cystallizing enzymes.

• 1946 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with John Northrop and Wendell Stanley

Czech scientist who developed polargraphic methods of analysis.

• 1959 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

French scientist known for his work with synthetic molecules that mimic organic substances.

• 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen

American chemist known for using X-rays to study the molecular structure of crystallized substances.

• 1985 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Herbert Hauptman

American chemist known for his work on photosynthesis.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel

American chemist known for his work on the preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.

• 1946 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with James Sumner and Wendell Stanley

British scientist known for his study of the structure of globular proteins.

• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Max Perutz

Australian scientist known for his work in stereochemistry.

• 1975 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Vladimir Prelog

German-born Canadian scientist known for his work on the dynamics of chemical reactions.

• 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Dudley Herschbach and Yuan Lee

German chemist who developed high-pressure chemical methods.

• 1931 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Friedrich Bergius

German chemist known for his work with high polymers.

• 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Giulio Natta

American scientist known for discovering a chain reaction allowing the mass reproduction of DNA in the laboratory.

• 1993 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Michael Smith

Japanese chemist known for his theories on chemical reactions.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Roald Hoffmann

German chemist known for his work on the synthesis of organic compounds.

• 1950 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Otto Diels

Croatian-born Swiss chemist known for discovering large ringed molecules and for synthesizing testosterone.

• 1939 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Adolf Butenandt

American chemist who utilized quantum principles in his study of molecular structure. In the political arena, he was a leading advocate of nuclear disarmament.

• 1954 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Argentinian chemist known for his studies of sugar compounds.

• 1970 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German scientist known for his studies of fast chemical reactions induced by short pulses of energy.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Ronald Norrish and George Porter

British scientist known for his studies of the structure of globular proteins.

• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with John Kendrew

American chemist known for his research on the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants.

• 1961 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

English-born Canadian biochemist who developed a key gene-splicing technique.

• 1993 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Kary Mullis

Russian scientist known for his research into the mechanism of chemical reactions.

• 1956 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Cyril Hinshelwood

Norwegian chemist who studied the three-dimensional structure of molecules.

• 1969 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Derek Barton

German scientist known for his work on the synthesis of organic compounds.

• 1950 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Kurt Alder

German chemist known for his analysis of fragrant oils.

• 1910 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist who co-discovered nuclear fission.

• 1944 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

French chemist known for his method of using metals in the hydrogenation of organic compounds.

• 1912 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Victor Grignard

Swiss chemist known for studies of vitamins A and B-2.

• 1937 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Walter Haworth

American chemist whose studies of polymers led to the creation of nylon and synthetic rubber.

• 1974 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist known for his studies of the biochemistry of DNA.

• 1980 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger

Dutch chemist who studied molecular structure. During World War II he moved to the United States, where he was known as Peter Debye.

• 1936 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British scientist known for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer.

• 1978 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British scientist who invented partition chromatography.

• 1952 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Archer Martin

German scientist known for his research on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.

• 1915 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist known for his studies of colloids (substances suspended in other substances).

• 1925 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German chemist known for his work on carotenoids and vitamins.

• 1938 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Swiss scientist known for using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in chemical analysis.

• 1991 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist whose research helped lead to the development of penicillin and antimalarial drugs.

• 1947 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist known for his work in organic synthesis.

• 1965 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist and physicist known for his work on chemical bonds.

• 1966 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

German scientist known for his work on photosynthesis.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Johann Deisenhofer and Hartmut Michel

British scientist known for his studies of fast chemical reactions induced by short pulses of energy.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Manfred Eigen and George Porter

American chemist known for his theories on chemical reactions.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Canadian-American scientist known for his studies of the transfer of electrons between molecules.

• 1992 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Canadian-American scientist known for his studies of RNA.

• 1989 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Thomas Cech

American chemist known for his studies of RNA.

• 1972 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Christian Anfinsen and William Stein

Swedish chemist known for his studies of electrolytes.

• 1903 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Swedish chemist who invented the ultracentrifuge.

• 1926 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist known for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules.

• 1914 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for his studies of RNA.

• 1989 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Sidney Altman

French chemist who discovered the Grignard reaction, used in organic synthesis.

• 1912 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul Sabatier

American biochemist known for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds.

• 1955 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Yugoslavian-born Swiss scientist known for his work in stereochemistry.

• 1975 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with John Cornforth

British chemist known for his studies of carbohydrates and vitamin C.

• 1937 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul Karrer

American scientist known for studies of nucleic acids.

• 1980 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul Berg and Frederick Sanger

German scientist known for his work in thermochemistry.

• 1920 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for his preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.

• 1946 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with James Sumner and John Northrop

German physical chemist known for his work on catalysts and chemical equilibrium, and also for his disbelief in the existence of the atom.

• 1909 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American chemist who devised the carbon-14 dating technique used in archaeology and geology.

• 1960 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist who discovered the elemental gasses neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.

• 1904 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for work on chemical thermodynamics.

• 1949 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

American scientist known for his studies of RNA.

• 1972 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Christian Anfinsen and Stanford Moore

American scientist known for his studies on chemical bonding.

• 1976 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Taiwanese-American chemist known for his use of molecular beams in the study of chemical reactions.

• 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Dudley Herschbach and John Polanyi

Norwegian-born American chemist who developed a general theory of irreversible chemical processes.

• 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

• Winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for '''' his development of the density-functional theory.'''' He shares the award with John A. Pole.

American physicist who, with Glenn Seaborg, discovered the element neptinium.

• 1951 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Glenn Seaborg

British chemist known for predicting the existence of isotopes.

• 1921 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Dutch scientist known for his studies of aerosol products and their effect on the ozone layer.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland

American scientist known for his studies of aerosol products and their effect on the ozone layer.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul Crutzen and Sherwood Rowland

American scientist known for his studies of aerosol products and their effect on the ozone layer.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul Crutzen and Mario Molina

Hungarian-American scientist known for his discovery of a new way of breaking apart and rebuilding carbon and hydrogen compounds.

• 1994 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

Polish-born American chemist known for his theories on chemical reactions.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Kenichi Fukui

American biochemist known for his work on enzymes involved in the use of energy at the cellular level.

• 1997 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with John E. Walker and Jens C. Skou

British molecular biologist known for his work on enzymes involved in the use of energy at the cellular level.

• 1997 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul D. Boyer and Jens C. Skou

Danish biophysicist who discovered the enzyme that maintains the cellular balance of sodium and potassium ions.

• 1997 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker

American chemist. Co-discoverer of fullerenes -- ball-shaped carbon molecules.

• 1996 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley

British chemist. Co-discoverer of fullerenes -- ball-shaped carbon molecules.

• 1996 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Robert F. Curl, Jr. and Richard E. Smalley

American chemist. Co-discoverer of fullerenes -- ball-shaped carbon molecules.

• 1996 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, with Robert F. Curl, Jr. and Harold W. Kroto

Egyptian chemist

• The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner for ''''his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond''''

Chemist

• 2000 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry with Alan J. Heeger and Hideki Shirakawa

Japanese chemist

• 2000 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry with Alan J. Heeger and Alan G. MacDiarmid

French physicist. Daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie.

• 1935 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry with her husband, Frédéric

Polish-born French chemist known for her studies of radiation.

• 1911 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry

British chemist who used X-rays to study the structures of organic compounds, including vitamin B12 and penicillin.

• 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry