British physiologist who studied how nerve fibers transmit impulses.

• 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with John Eccles and Andrew Huxley

Hungarian chemist who discovered the role of vitamin C in the oxidation of nutrients in the cell.

• 1937 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biochemist who used biochemical methods to isolate a cancer cell.

• 1974 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Palade and Christian de Duve

German physiological chemist who investigated the chemisty of cells and proteins.

• 1910 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Swedish biochemist known for his work with enzymes.

• 1955 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

British bacteriologist who discovered and developed penicillin.

• 1945 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

French surgeon and biologist who developed a technique for suturing blood vessels and studied the preservation of living tissue outside the body.

• 1912 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biologist known for his studies of the genetic structure of viruses.

• 1969 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria

South African-born American physician who helped develop the CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan.

• 1979 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Godfrey Hounsfield

Swedish ophthalmologist who contributed greatly to understanding of the workings of the eye.

• 1911 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

French-American physician who developed the technique of cardiac catheterization.

• 1956 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine, with Dickinson Richards, Jr. and Werner Forssmann

French microbiologist known for his discovery of how bacterial viruses are passed on through cell division.

• 1965 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

British physiologist known for his research on nerve impulses.

• 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with John Eccles and Alan Hodgkin

American physician noted for his work on peptide hormone production in the brain.

• 1977 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Rosalyn Yalow and Roger Guillemin

Portuguese neurologist who pioneered modern neurosurgery.

• 1949 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Walter Hess

English physiologist who investigated the liberation of energy in muscles.

• 1922 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Otto Meyerhof

American physician known for his studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases.

• 1976 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Daniel Gajdusek

Swedish scientist noted for his work with prostaglandins.

• 1982 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Sune Bergstróm and John Vane

British physiologist known for his research on nerve and muscle function.

• 1970 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Julius Axelrod and Ulf von Euler

Argentine physiologist noted for his work on the metabolism of sugar.

• 1947 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Carl and Gerty Cori

German physiologist noted for developing a technique that allows detection of minute electrical currents in ion channels.

• 1991 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Erwin Neher

Italian physician who proved that nerves are interlaced.

• 1906 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Czech-American biochemist noted for his work on the metabolism of sugar.

• 1947 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay

Argentine physiologist known for helping develop a technique for reproducing antibodies in large quantities.

• 1984 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Georges Koehler and Niels Jerne

French physician who discovered that typhus is transmitted by lice.

• 1928 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

French physician and bacteriologist who discovered the parasite that causes malaria.

• 1907 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

French physiologist who studied allergic reactions, particularly anaphylaxis.

• 1913 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

English physiologist known for his studies of neurons.

• 1932 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edgar Adrian

Canadian-born American surgeon who discovered a link between hormones and certain types of cancer.

• 1966 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Francis Peyton Rous

Dutch physician who discovered that some diseases can be caused by changes in diet. Though he misinterpreted his results as the effect of a contaminant, his research eventually led to the discovery of vitamins.

• 1929 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Frederick Hopkins

Belgian-American physiologist known for his work on the structural and functional organization of the cell.

• 1974 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Albert Claude and George Palade

Belgian physiologist who discovered that organs associated with the aorta and the carotid artery help regulate breathing.

• 1938 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist who discovered the first antihistamine.

• 1957 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American physician known for his studies on the origin and spread of infectious diseases.

• 1976 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Baruch Blumberg

American microbiologist who developed techniques for analyzing DNA.

• 1978 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Hamilton Smith and Werner Arber

American physiologist known for his work on the interaction of tumour viruses and genetic material in cells.

• 1975 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Howard Temin and Renato Dulbecco

Canadian-American physiologist known for his studies of the visual cortex.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Roger Sperry and Torsten Wiesel

American physician who developed the technique of cardiac catheterization.

• 1956 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Andre Cournand and Werner Forssmann

American physiologist known for his research on hormones.

• 1971 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

English physiologist known for his studies of neurons.

• 1932 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Charles Sherrington

American physiologist who was one of the first to isolate an enzyme related to a specific cell process.

• 1992 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edwin Krebs

American biochemist known for his work on blood buffers, sex hormones and vitamin K.

• 1943 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Henrik Dam

American biochemist known for his hormone research.

• 1950 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Philip Hench and Tadeus Reichstein

American biochemist who discovered that genes act by regulating chemical events.

• 1958 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Beadle and Joshua Lederberg

German physiologist who developed a technique that allows detection of minute electrical currents in ion channels.

• 1991 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Bert Sakmann

American physiologist who was one of the first to isolate an enzyme related to a specific cell process.

• 1992 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edmond Fisher

Russian bacteriologist known for his studies on immunity.

• 1908 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Paul Ehrlich

German bacteriologist who developed an immunization for diphtheria.

• 1901 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Swiss surgeon known for his work on the thyroid gland.

• 1909 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

German-born British biochemist who, with Howard Walter Florey, isolated penicillin and performed the first clinical trials involving its use as an antibiotic.

• 1945 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey

German biochemist known for his studies of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

• 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Konrad Bloch

British biologist who, with James Watson, discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Maurice Wilkins and James Watson

American pathologist who discovered tumor-inducing viruses.

• 1966 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, for Charles B. Huggins

Canadian research physician who co-discovered insulin.

• 1923 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with John Macleod

English biochemist who co-discovered the connection between lactic acid and muscular contraction.

• 1929 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Christiaan Eijkman

American physician known for his work on the poliomyelitis (polio) virus.

• 1954 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with John Enders and Thomas Weller

German-American biochemist who co-discovered coenzyme A (a substance involved in the conversion of food into energy).

• 1953 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Hans Krebs

American pathologist who discovered that raw liver can reverse the effects of anemia in animals.

• 1934 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Minot and William Murphy

British physiologist who helped develop the CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan.

• 1979 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Allan Cormack

Hungarian-American physiologist who explained the functioning of the inner ear.

• 1961 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American physician who helped develop a treatment for anemia.

• 1934 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with William Murphy and George Whipple

American geneticist who discovered that genes affect heredity through chemical reactions.

• 1958 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg

American biologist who discovered the importance of vitamin A to the visual system.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Ragnar Granit and Haldan Hartline

American physiologist known for his work on the structural and functional organization of the cell.

• 1974 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve

American physiologist who developed ways to match transplant donors and recipients to minimize the incidence of organ rejection.

• 1980 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset

American pharmacologist who has developed drugs for leukemia, gout, herpes and other diseases.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Gertrude Elion and James Black

German physiologist who helped develop a technique for mass production of antibodies.

• 1984 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with César Milstein and Niels Jerne

American biochemist known for his work on the chemical structure of antibodies.

• 1972 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Rodney Porter

German bacteriologist who discovered Prontisil, the first sulfonamide drug.

• 1939 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine; declined the award in accordance with instructions from the German government

Indian-born American chemist known for his studies of the genetic code.

• 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg

American opthamologist known for his analysis of the mechanics of vision.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Ragnar Granit and George Wald

American physiologist who discovered restriction enzymes, used in the study and manipulation of DNA.

• 1978 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Daniel Nathans and Werner Arber

German embryologist who originated the theory of embryonic induction, based on his lifelong study of newts.

• 1935 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

German-born British biochemist known for his work on the breakdown of sugar, fat, and protein in the body.

• 1953 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Fritz Lipmann

American virologist known for his work on the origins of cancer.

• 1989 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with J. Michael Bishop

Danish biochemist known for his work on vitamin K.

• 1943 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edward Doisy

English physiologist known for his work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

• 1936 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Otto Loewi

American physiologist known for his work on nerve fibers.

• 1944 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Joseph Erlanger

American geneticist who studied the effects of X-rays on genes.

• 1946 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

British pathologist who helped isolate and test penicillin.

• 1945 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Ernst Chain and Alexander Fleming

Russian physiologist best known for his research on conditioned reflexes.

• 1904 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

French biochemist known for his studies on the function of genes.

• 1965 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biochemist who, along with Frances Crick, discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins
• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins

English pharmacologist known for developing beta-blocking drugs.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, wtih Gertrude Elion and George Hitchings

French physiologist known for his research on rejection in transfusion recipients.

• 1980 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Baruj Benacerraf and George Snell

Danish pathologist who was the first to produce cancer in laboratory rats.

• 1926 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Scottish physiologist who helped discover insulin.

• 1923 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Frederick Banting

American virologist whose work helped pave the way for Salk's polio vaccine, and who developed a vaccine for the measles.

• 1954 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Frederick Robbins and Thomas Weller

Australian physiologist known for discovering the chemical processes involved in nerve impulses.

• 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley

British physiologist known for his work with prostaglandins.

• 1982 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Sune Berstróm and Bengt Samuelsson

American physiologist known for his work on nerve fibers.

• 1944 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Herbert Gasser

American physiologist known for his work on cholesterol metabolism.

• 1985 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Michael Brown

American physician who preformed the first kidney transplant in 1954.

• 1990 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with E. Donnall Thomas

American geneticist who discovered that viruses can carry genes from one bacterium to another.

• 1958 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Beadle and Edward Tatum

Belgian bacteriologist and immunologist who discovered antibodies in blood serum.

• 1919 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Australian neurologist and psychiatrist who treated patients with severe nervous disorders by infecting them with malaria to induce fever -- the first form of shock treatment.

• 1927 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biochemist known for his studies of neurotransmitters.

• 1970 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Bernard Katz and Ulf von Euler

Austrian pathologist who discovered the four main human blood types.

• 1930 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Austrian zoologist who studied individual and social behavior patterns.

• 1973 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen

American biochemist known for his studies of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

• 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Feodor Lynen

Austrian ethnologist and physiologist.

• 1973 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Karl von Frisch and Nikolaas Tinbergen

American biochemist known for his work on the genetic code.

• 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Robert Holley and Har Khorana

British biophysicist known for his work on the structure of DNA.

• 1962 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Francis Crick and James Watson

American physician who invented a vaccine for yellow fever.

• 1951 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

German-American biologist.

• 1969 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria

American physiologist known for his studies of cholesterol.

• 1985 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Joseph Goldstein

American physiologist known for his work on the origins of cancer.

• 1989 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Harold Varmus

Danish physician known for using concentrated light to treat disease.

• 1903 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Danish immunologist who developed several important theories on the functioning of the immune system.

• 1984 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with César Milstein and Georges Köhler

British physiologist who studied individual and social behavior patterns.

• 1973 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz

German physiologist who discovered the relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in muscles.

• 1922 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Archibald Hill

German physiologist who studied the consumption of oxygen by cells. A Jew, he was forced by the Nazi government to decline his second Nobel Prize for Physiology/Medicine in 1944.

• 1931 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Austrian physiologist who studied the chemical processes involved in nerve impulses.

• 1936 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Henry Dale

Swiss chemist who created the pesticide DDT.

• 1948 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

German scientist who discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis.

• 1908 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Elie Metchnikoff

British biologist noted for his studies on the development of the immune response.

• 1960 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American physician noted for his research on hormones, especially cortisone.

• 1950 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edward Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein

American physiologist who discovered that genes are separated by non-genetic segments of DNA, which makes gene splicing possible.

• 1993 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Richard Roberts

Swedish physiologist known for his studies of the eye.

• 1967 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Haldan Hartline and George Wald

American physiologist known for his work on the interaction between tumour viruses and genetic material in a cell.

• 1975 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with David Baltimore and Howard Temin

British physiologist who discovered that genes are separated by non-genetic segments of DNA, which makes gene splicing possible.

• 1993 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Phillip Sharp

German bacteriologist who discovered tuberculosis bacillus.

• 1905 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Austrian physician known for his work on the inner ear.

• 1914 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biochemist known for his work on protein synthesis in cells.

• 1968 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Har Khorana and Marshall Nirenberg

English biochemist who helped discover the chemical structure of antibodies.

• 1972 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Gerald Edelman

American physician known for his work on peptide hormone production in the brain.

• 1977 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Rosalyn Yalow and Andrew Schally

American neurobiologist who discovered specialization in the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

British bacteriologist who discovered that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes.

• 1902 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Spanish histologist who identified the neuron as the basis of neural function.

• 1906 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Camillo Golgi

Danish physiologist who discovered that capillaries expand and contract to regulate blood flow.

• 1920 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Ukranian-American microbiologist who discovered an antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis.

• 1952 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Spanish-American molecular biologist who synthesized RNA.

• 1959 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Arthur Kornberg

Swedish biochemist known for his work with prostaglandins.

• 1982 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Bengt Samuelsson and John Vane

Japanese molecular biologist known for his studies on the production of antibodies.

• 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Polish-born Swiss chemist noted for his research on steroids, including cortisone.

• 1950 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Philip Hench and Edward Kendall

American zoologist and geneticist who used experiments with fruit flies to prove theories of heredity.

• 1933 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American biologist who developed a technique for cultivating poliomyelitis virus in the laboratory.

• 1954 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with John Enders and Frederick Robbins

Swedish neurobiologist known for his studies of the visual cortex.

• 1981 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Roger Sperry and David Hubel

Swedish physiologist who discovered the neurotransmitter nonadrenaline.

• 1970 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Julius Axelrod and Bernard Katz

Swiss physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system.

• 1949 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Antonio Moniz

German surgeon who, while a medical student, performed the first heart catheterization -- on himself. Criticizm of this dangerous experiment caused him to abandon his plans for a career in cardiology.

• 1956 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Andre Cournand and Dickinson Richards, Jr.

Swiss microbiologist known for using restriction enzymes to break up DNA for study and manipulation.

• 1978 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith

Dutch physiologist whose research led to the electrocardiograph.

• 1924 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

American physician developed a dietary treatment for anemia.

• 1934 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Minot and George Whipple

American biochemist who discovered how DNA is replicated in the cell.

• 1959 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Severo Ochoa

American physiologist who helped discover substances that stimulate the growth of cells.

• 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Rita Levi-Montalcini

Venezuelan-born American pathologist noted for his work on autoimmune diseases.

• 1980 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Snell and Jean Dausset

American physiologist known for his studies of how genes control the structural development of the body.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard

Italian-American biologist known for his work on the genetic structure of viruses.

• 1969 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey

American virologist who proved that viral RNA can cause cancer by producing infected DNA.

• 1975 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with David Baltimore and Renato Dulbecco

American physiologist known for discovering how cells respond to external stimuli.

• 1994 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Martin Rodbell

American physiologist known for his studies of how cells respond to external stimuli.

• 1994 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Alfred Gilman

American physiologist known for his studies of how genes control the structural development of the body.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edward Lewis and Christiane Nuesslein-Volhard

American physician and researcher who performed the first bone-marrow transplant.

• 1990 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Joseph E. Murray

French biologist known for his studies of bacteria.

• 1965 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Australian physician known for his work on transplants.

• 1960 Nobel Prize winner for Physiology/Medicine, with Peter Medawar

American physician who discovered prions -- a class of pathogens that cause neuordegenerative diseases.

• 1997 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

Australian immunologist known for his studies of how the immune system recognizes infected cells.

• 1996 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Swiss immunologist known for his studies of how the immune system recognizes infected cells.

• 1996 Nobel Prize winner for Physiology/Medicine, with Peter C. Doherty

1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine co-winner with Ferid Murad and Loius J. Ignarro ''for their discovery concerning nitric oxide as a signalling.''

• 1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine

1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine co-winner with Robert F. Furchgott and Ferid Murad ''for their discovery concerning nitric oxide as a signalling.''

• 1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine

1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine

• 1998 Nobel Laureate in Medicine

German-born cell and molecular biologist at The Rockefeller University

• 1999 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that ''''proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell''''

Sweddish scientist

• 2000 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel

American scientist

• 2000 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel

Scientist

• 2000 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard

American pharmacologist who, with George Hitchings, developed several important drugs for the treatment of disease.

• 1988 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with George Hitchings and James Black

Czech-born American physiologist who made important discoveries about carbohydrate metabolism.

• 1947 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Carl Cori and Bernardo Houssay

Italian-American neurologist who discovered a substance that stimulates the growth of nerve cells.

• 1986 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Stanley Cohen

American physicist who developed a technique for measuring small concentrations of substances in the blood.

• 1977 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally

American geneticist noted for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.

• 1983 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine

German physiologist known for her studies of how genes control the structural development of the body.

• 1995 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology/Medicine, with Edward Lewis and Eric Wieschaus