Conductors, often accomplished musicians in their own right, must understand the subtleties of every instrument in an orchestra.
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Arthur Fiedler (born 1894, died 1979)
American conductor who led the Boston Pops for nearly 50 years.
- Conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra, 1930-79
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Mstislav Rostropovich (born 1927)
Soviet cellist, pianist and conductor.
- Director of the U.S. National Symphony, 1977-
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Georg Solti (born 1912, died 1997)
Hungarian-born English musician and conductor.
- Won 22 Grammys for his recordings
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Arturo Toscanini (born 1867, died 1957)
Italian conductor and musical director.
- Directed La Scala and the NBC Symphony through some of their finest hours
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Andre Kostelanetz (born 1901, died 1980)
Russian-born American conductor.
- Led the New York Philharmonic, 1952-79
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Eugene Ormandy (born 1899, died 1985)
Hungarian-born American conductor. Original name: Jenö Ormandy Blau.
- Led the Philadelphia Orchestra for 44 years
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Bruno Walter (born 1876, died 1962)
German-born American conductor and pianist. Original name: Bruno Schlesinger.
- Known for his interpretations of Mozart and Mahler
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Leopold Stokowski (born 1882, died 1977)
British-born American conductor and musician.
- Introduced millions to the classics in Disney''s Fantasia
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Otto Klemperer (born 1885, died 1973)
German conductor and composer.
- Principal conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra of London, 1955-72
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Leonard Bernstein (born 1918, died 1990)
American conductor and composer.
- First American to lead the New York Philharmonic, in 1957
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John Towner Williams (born 1932)
American composer and conductor.
- Conductor of the Boston Pops, 1980-
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Carlo Maria Giulini (born 1914)
Italian conductor.
- Leader of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, 1978-
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Bernard Haitink (born 1929)
Dutch conductor.
- Director of Amsterdam''s Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1964-
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Christopher Hogwood (born 1941)
English conductor and musician.
- Founded the Academy of Ancient Music
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Konstantin Konstantinovich Ivanov (born 1907)
Russian conductor.
- Led the USSR State Symphony, 1946-75
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Herbert von Karajan (born 1908, died 1989)
Austrian conductor.
- Directed the Berlin Philharmonic, 1954-89
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Rudolf Kempe (born 1910, died 1976)
German conductor.
- Led the Royal Philharmonic, 1961-75
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Eduard van Beinum (born 1900, died 1959)
Dutch conductor.
- Led Amsterdam''s Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1945-59
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Carl Bergmann (born 1821, died 1876)
German conductor.
- Led the New York Philharmonic, 1855-76
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Richard Bonynge (born 1930)
Australian conductor.
- Musical director of the Australian Opera since 1975
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Richard Condie (born 1898, died 1985)
American conductor.
- Director of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, 1957-74
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Wilhelm Furtwängler (born 1886, died 1954)
German conductor and composer. Accused of pro-Nazi activities during WWII.
- Led the Vienna Symphony and the Berlin State Opera under the Weimar regime
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Gerard Schwartz (born 1947)
American conductor, composer and trumpeter.
- Under his direction, the Seattle Symphony has won numerous Grammys for their recordings
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James Levine (born 1943)
American conductor and pianist.
- Artistic director of the Metropolitan Opera, 1986-
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Claudio Abbado
Italian conductor.
- Music director of Milan''s La Scala, 1968-
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Ernest Alexandre Ansermet
Swiss conductor.
- Founded Geneva''s Orchestra de la Suisse Romande in 1918, and led it until 1967
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Thomas Beecham (born 1879, died 1961)
English conductor.
- Founded the London Philharmonic, the British National Opera Company, and the Royal Philharmonic
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Colin Davis (born 1927)
English conductor.
- Director of the Covent Garden Royal Opera, 1971-
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Dean Dixon (born 1915, died 1976)
American conductor. The first black to lead a major orchestra.
- Conducted the New York Philharmonic in 1944
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Antal Dorati (born 1906, died 1988)
Hungarian-American conductor.
- Led the Royal Philharmonic, Detroit Symphony and Stockholm Symphony
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Sixten Ehrling (born 1918)
Swedish conductor.
- Head of the conducting department at New York''s Julliard School, 1973-
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Ossip Gabrilowitsch (born 1878, died 1936)
Russian-American conductor and pianist. Son-in-law of author Mark Twain.
- Led the Detroit Symphony, 1918-36
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Serge Alexandrovich Koussevitzky (born 1874, died 1951)
Russian-American composer and conductor.
- Led the Boston Symphony, 1924-49
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Lorin Maazel (born 1930)
American conductor.
- Child prodigy who began leading orchestras at the age of nine
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August Manns (born 1825, died 1907)
English conductor.
- Led Saturday concerts at London''s Crystal Palace for 45 years
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Zubin Mehta (born 1936)
Indian conductor.
- Conductor of the New York Philharmonic, 1978-
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Willem Mengelberg (born 1871, died 1951)
Dutch conductor.
- Led Amsterdam''s Concertgebouw Orchestra for 50 years
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Seiji Ozawa (born 1935)
Japanese conductor.
- Music director of the Boston Symphony, 1973-
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André Previn (born 1929)
American composer, pianist and conductor.
- Music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, 1984-
- Music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, 1984-
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Tullio Serafin (born 1878, died 1968)
Italian conductor.
- Led Milan''s La Scala and the Rome Opera Company for much of the first half of the 20th century
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Leonard Slatkin (born 1944)
American conductor.
- Music director of the St. Louis Symphony, 1979-
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Klaus Tennstedt (born 1926)
German conductor.
- Musical director of the London Philharmonic, 1983-
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Alfred Franz Wallenstein (born 1898, died 1983)
American composer and cellist. The first Native American to achieve prominence as a conductor.
- Directed the Los Angeles Philharmonic, 1943-56