Established in 1963, this gold medal is the highest civilian honor in the United States. It recognizes contributions to the advancement of world peace, or endeavors in the interest of the United States or American culture.
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Aaron Copland (born 1900, died 1990)
American composer.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Alan Waterman
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Albert Coady Wedemeyer II (born 1897, died 1989)
American general who drafted the strategy for America's entrance into WWII.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Albert Wohlstetter
Military strategist.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Alexander Meiklejohn (born 1872, died 1964)
English-born American educator. President of Amherst, 1912-24.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Alfred Lunt (born 1892, died 1977)
American actor.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Andrew Newell Wyeth (born 1917)
American painter. Son of illustrator Newell Convers Wyeth.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ansel Adams (born 1902, died 1984)
American photographer best known for his black-and-white nature shots.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Anwar el-Sadat (born 1918, died 1981)
Egyptian statesman. Signed the Camp David Accords with Menachem Begin of Israel.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arleigh Burke (born 1901, died 1996)
American admiral. Instrumental in devising strategies for the use of radar by the U.S. Navy in WWII.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arthur J. Goldberg
American politician, diplomat and jurist.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arthur Krock (born 1886, died 1974)
American political writer.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arthur Fiedler (born 1894, died 1979)
American conductor who led the Boston Pops for nearly 50 years.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (born 1943, died 1993)
The first prominent African-American male tennis player. Died of AIDS.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arthur Flemming
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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W. Averell Harriman (born 1891, died 1986)
American diplomat.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Brent Scowcroft (born 1925)
American military and government official. Headed the investigation of the Iran-Contra scandal.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Bruce Catton (born 1899, died 1978)
American historian of the Civil War.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Bryce N. Harlow (born 1916, died 1987)
Adviser to presidents Eisenhower, Nixon and Ford.
- 1981 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Carl Vinson
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Carl Sandburg (born 1878, died 1967)
American poet and biographer.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Caspar Willard Weinberger (born 1917)
American statesman. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, 1973-75; Secretary of Defense, 1981-87.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Cesar Chavez (born 1927, died 1993)
Mexican-American labor leader.
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Charles L. Lowman
- 1974 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Charles B. ''Tex'' Thornton (born 1913, died 1981)
American businessman. Founder of Litton Industries, Inc.
- 1981 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Charles E. ''Chuck'' Yeager (born 1923)
American Air Force officer and test pilot. First person to fly faster than the speed of sound.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. (born 1911, died 1984)
American civil-rights leader.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Clarence B. Randall
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Clark McAdams Clifford (born 1906)
Adviser to presidents Truman, Johnson and Kennedy. U.S. secretary of Defense, 1968-69.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Claude Pepper (born 1900, died 1989)
American politician. Sometimes called ''Red Pepper'' because of his liberal views, he was a noted advocate for the elderly.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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J. Clifford MacDonald
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Colin Luther Powell (born 1937)
American general. First African American to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-93.
- 1991, 1993 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William James ''Count'' Basie (born 1904, died 1984)
American jazz musician.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Cyrus R. Vance (born 1917)
American lawyer, statesman and diplomat. U.S. secretary of state, 1977-80.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Danny Kaye (born 1913, died 1987)
American actor and comedian. Original name: David Kaminsky.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David K.E. Bruce
American diplomat.
- 1976 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Dubinsky
Russian-American labor leader.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Lawrence (born 1888, died 1973)
American journalist.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Packard (died 1996)
American engineer and businessman who founded the Hewlett-Packard Company.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Brinkley
American television journalist.
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Dean Acheson (born 1893, died 1971)
American diplomat.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Dean Rusk (born 1909, died 1994)
American statesman. As secretary of state under Kennedy and Johnson (1961-68) he was the target of much popular hostility against the Vietnam War.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Denton Arthur Cooley (born 1920)
American surgeon who performed the first artificial-heart transplant in 1969.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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DeWitt Wallace (born 1889, died 1981)
American editor and publisher.
- 1972 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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S. Dillon Ripley II
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Donald H. Rumsfeld (born 1932)
American legislator and diplomat.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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C. Douglas Dillon
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Dumas Malone (born 1892, died 1986)
American historian.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Elwyn Brooks ''E.B.'' White (born 1899, died 1985)
American essayist and children's writer.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Earl H. ''Red'' Blaik (born 1897, died 1989)
American football coach.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Earl Charles Behrens
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edgar Kaiser
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edmund Wilson (born 1895, died 1972)
American novelist and critic.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edward Kennedy ''Duke'' Ellington (born 1899, died 1974)
American jazz musician.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edward T. Folliard
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edward Steichen (born 1879, died 1973)
American photographer who promoted photography as an art form.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. (born 1930)
American astronaut and actor. Second man to walk on the moon.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eliezer ''Elie'' Wiesel (born 1928)
Rumanian-born American author and lecturer. His works reflect his experiences during the Holocaust, and what they reveal about human nature.
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ellsworth Bunker (born 1894, died 1984)
American diplomat.
- 1963 and 1967 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eric Hoffer (born 1902, died 1983)
American longshoreman and philosophical writer.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eugene M. Locke
- 1967 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eugene R. Black (born 1898, died 1992)
American financier. President of the World Bank, 1949-62.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Felix Frankfurter (born 1882, died 1965)
Austrian-born American scholar and jurist.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Frank Reynolds (born 1923, died 1983)
American TV news anchor.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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J. Frank Dobie
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Frederick Douglass Patterson (born 1901, died 1988)
American educator who founded the United Negro College Fund.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Frederick R. Kappel
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Friedrich A. von Hayek
British economist known for his work on the theory of money and economic fluctuations.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John W. Vessey, Jr. (born 1922)
American soldier who rose through the ranks from a private to become chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Carlos P. Romulo (born 1899, died 1985)
Philippine general, diplomat and journalist.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Matthew Bunker Ridgway (born 1895, died 1993)
American general who drove the Chinese out of South Korea.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Andrew J. Goodpaster
American general.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George Meany (born 1894, died 1980)
American labor leader. President of the AFL-CIO, 1955-79.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George W. Taylor
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George Gould Lincoln
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George Balanchine (born 1904, died 1983)
Russian-born American choreographer. Original name: Georgy Melitonovich Balanchivadze.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Gerald R. Ford (born 1913, died 2006)
Became the 38th President of the U.S. upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.
- 1999 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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(Eldred) Gregory Peck (born 1916)
American actor and producer.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Harry W. Shlaudeman
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Hector P. Garcia
Physician.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Henry Alfred Kissinger (born 1923)
German-American political scientist and diplomat. Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford, 1973-77. Negotiated warmer U.S. relations with Egypt, China, and the Soviet Union; brought about a cease-fire in Vietnam.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Henry J. Friendly
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Henry M. ''Scoop'' Jackson (born 1912, died 1983)
American legislator. Senator, D-Washington, 1953-83.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Henry Ford II (born 1917)
American industrialist. Grandson of Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Herbert H. Lehman
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Howard H. Baker, Jr. (born 1925)
American legislator and government official. White House chief of staff, 1987-88.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Hubert H. Humphrey (born 1911, died 1978)
American statesman. Vice president, 1965-69; Democratic presidential candidate in 1968.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Hyman Rickover (born 1900, died 1986)
Russian-born American admiral and engineer.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Irving R. Kaufman (born 1910, died 1992)
American jurist. Judge in the treason trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951).
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Irving Brown
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jacob K. Javits (born 1904, died 1986)
American senator who championed civil rights, the ERA, and other liberal causes.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jacques-Ives Cousteau (born 1910, died 1997)
French oceanographer who invented the Scuba tank.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James A. Michener (born 1907, died 1997)
American novelist.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Addison Baker III (born 1930)
American statesman. U.S. secretary of State, 1989-92.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James H. ''Eubie'' Blake (born 1883, died 1983)
American ragtime pianist and composer.
- 1981 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James B. Conant (born 1893, died 1978)
American chemist, educator and government official.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Webb
- 1968 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Burnham
American philosopher and critic.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Edward Cheek
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Grant
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James H. Doolittle (born 1896, died 1993)
World War II U.S. Army Air Forces general who led bombing raids over Japan.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (born 1920)
Peruvian diplomat. U.N. secretary-general, 1982-91.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jean Monnet (born 1888, died 1979)
French economist and diplomat.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jerome H. Holland
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Earl ''Jimmy'' Carter (born 1924)
Thirty-ninth President of the U.S. First Southern President since the Civil War.
- 1999 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John W. Macy, Jr.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Leonard Swigert, Jr.
American astronaut.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John F. Kennedy (born 1917, died 1963)
Thirty-fifth President of the U.S. Youngest person to be elected President.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John H. Johnson (born 1918)
American magazine publisher; founder of Ebony and Jet.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Franklin Enders (born 1897, died 1985)
American virologist whose work helped pave the way for Salk's polio vaccine, and who developed a vaccine for the measles.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John J. McCloy (born 1895, died 1989)
American lawyer, diplomat and presidential adviser.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John W. Gardner
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Paul Vann
- 1972 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Ford (born 1895, died 1973)
American actor, writer, director, producer and cinematographer. Original name: Sean O'Fearna.
- 1973 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John McCone
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John L. Lewis (born 1880, died 1969)
American labor leader.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Bardeen (born 1908, died 1991)
American physicist who helped develop the transistor.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Steinbeck (born 1902, died 1968)
American novelist.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jonas Salk (born 1914, died 1995)
American microbiologist.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Joseph M.A.H. Luns
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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J. Lane Kirkland (born 1922, died 1999)
American labor leader. President of the AFL-CIO, 1979-95.
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Justin Dart, Jr.
American civil-rights activist. Considered the father of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
- 1987, 1998 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Karl Holton
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Laurance S. Rockefeller (born 1910)
American venture capitalist and philanthropist. Son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Leo Cherne
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Leon Howard Sullivan (born 1922)
American clergyman and civil-rights activist.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lewis Mumford (born 1895, died 1990)
American architect, sociologist and writer.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lincoln Kirstein (born 1907, died 1996)
American dance executive and writer. Director of the New York City Ballet, 1948-89.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Louis L'Amour (born 1908, died 1988)
American Western writer.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lowell Thomas (born 1892, died 1981)
American journalist and broadcaster.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Luis Muñoz Marín (born 1898, died 1980)
Puerto Rican statesman. Governor of the island, 1948-64.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Luis A. Ferré (born 1904)
Puerto Rican businessman and statesman. Governor of the island, 1969-73.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lyman Lemnitzer
American general. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1960-62.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lyndon Baines Johnson (born 1908, died 1973)
Thirty-sixth President of the U.S. Signed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Malcolm Baldridge (born 1922, died 1987)
American government official. Secretary of Commerce, 1981-87.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Manlio Brosio (born 1897, died 1980)
Italian diplomat. Secretary-general of NATO, 1964-71.
- 1971 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Mark S. Watson
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Martin Luther King, Jr. (born 1929, died 1968)
American clergyman and civil-rights leader. President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Advocate of nonviolence; assassinated April 4, 1968.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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McGeorge Bundy (born 1919)
American historian and presidential adviser.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Melvin R. Laird (born 1922)
American statesman. Secretary of Defense, 1969-73.
- 1974 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Merriman Smith (born 1913, died 1970)
American journalist.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Michael Collins (born 1930)
American astronaut.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Michael J. Mansfield (born 1903)
American legislator and diplomat.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Milton Friedman (born 1912)
American economist. One of the foremost proponents of laissez-faire economic policy.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Morris I. Leibman
- 1981 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Nathan Perlmutter (born 1923, died 1927)
American civil-rights leader.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Nelson A. Rockefeller (born 1908, died 1979)
American statesman. Governor of New York, 1959-73; vice president, 1974-76.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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H. Norman Schwarzkopf (born 1934)
American general known as ''Storm'n Norman.'' Commanded U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Norman E. Borlaug (born 1914)
American agronomist who worked to end world hunger.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Norman Vincent Peale (born 1898, died 1993)
American religious leader.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Omar Nelson Bradley (born 1893, died 1981)
American general.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Pablo Casals (born 1876, died 1973)
Spanish cellist and conductor.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Paul Dudley White
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Paul G. Hoffman (born 1891, died 1974)
American automobile-industry executive. Also held many posts with international aid agencies.
- 1974 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Paul W. Bryant
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Paul H. Nitze
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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A. Philip Randolph
American activist for the rights of workers and African Americans.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Philip C. Habib (born 1920, died 1992)
American diplomat.
- 1982 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John XXIII (born 1881, died 1963)
Pope who convened the Second Vatican Council as part of his mission to modernize and reform the Church. Original name: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ralph J. Bunche (born 1904, died 1971)
American diplomat who played an important role in the founding of the United Nations.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ralph Emerson McGill (born 1898, died 1969)
American journalist. Known for his influential editorials against the Ku Klux Klan and other social ills.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ralph Ellison (born 1914, died 1994)
American novelist and essayist.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Raymond Moley (born 1886, died 1975)
American journalist. Head of FDR's ''brain trust'' (presidential advisers).
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Reinhold Niebuhr (born 1892, died 1971)
American theologian who had a great influence on U.S. government policy.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Richard B. Cheney (born 1941)
American statesman. Secretary of Defense under President Bush.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Richard Lee Petty
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert J. Kiphuth
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert A. Lovett (born 1895, died 1986)
American statesman. Secretary of Defense, 1951-53.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert W. Komer
- 1967 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert Strange McNamara (born 1916)
American statesman. Secretary of Defense, 1961-68.
- 1968 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert H. Michel (born 1923)
American legislator.
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr. (born 1915)
American government official and diplomat. First director of the Peace Corps.
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert Penn Warren (born 1905, died 1989)
American novelist and poet.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Roger Tory Peterson (born 1908, died 1996)
American ornithologist and artist who wrote Field Guide to the Birds.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Roger L. Stevens (born 1910)
American Broadway producer.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ronald Reagan (born 1911)
American film and TV actor who became 40th President of the United States.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Roy Wilkins (born 1901, died 1981)
American civil-rights leader.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Russell E. Train
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Sam M. Walton
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Samuel Eliot Morison (born 1887, died 1976)
American historian.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Sidney Hook (born 1902, died 1989)
American educator and political philosopher.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ted Williams
American baseball player and manager known as ''the Splendid Splinter'' for his batting prowess.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thomas ''Tennessee'' Williams (born 1911, died 1983)
American playwright.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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''Tennessee'' Ernie Ford (born 1919, died 1991)
American singer.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Terence Cardinal Cooke
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Theodore M. Hesburgh (born 1917)
American priest and educator. President of the University of Notre Dame, 1952-87.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (born 1914, died 1993)
American industrialist.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thurgood Marshall (born 1908, died 1993)
Celebrated civil-rights lawyer who became the first African-American Supreme Court justice.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Vermont Connecticut Royster (born 1914, died 1996)
American journalist. Editor of the Wall Street Journal, 1958-71.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Vladimir Horowitz (born 1903, died 1989)
Russian-born American pianist.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walt W. Rostow
American economist.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walt Disney (born 1901, died 1966)
American pioneer of cinematic animation.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walter H. Judd
- 1981 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walter H. Annenberg (born 1908)
American publisher, philanthropist and diplomat.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walter Reuther (born 1907, died 1970)
American labor leader.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Walter Lippmann
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Warren E. Burger (born 1907, died 1995)
American jurist.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Whitney M. Young, Jr. (born 1921, died 1971)
American civil-rights leader.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Whittaker Chambers (born 1901, died 1961)
American journalist. A communist, he was a prominent witness in the Alger Hiss case. Original name: Jay Vivian Chambers.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William James ''Will'' Durant (born 1885, died 1981)
American historian, philosopher and educator.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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J. Willard Marriott (born 1900, died 1985)
American businessman.
- 1988 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William B. Walsh
Physician.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William J. Brennan, Jr. (born 1906, died 1997)
American jurist.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William F. Buckley, Jr. (born 1925)
American writer and editor. Founder of the conservative National Review.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William S. White (born 1907)
American journalist.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William M. Henry (born 1890, died 1970)
American newspaper columnist.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William J. Hopkins
- 1971 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William P. Rogers (born 1913)
American statesman. Secretary of State, 1969-73.
- 1973 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William H. Webster (born 1924)
American government official. Director of the FBI.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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J. William Fulbright (born 1905, died 1995)
American legislator. Sponsored the legislation for the international student exchange program that bears his name.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Norman Rockwell (born 1894, died 1978)
American artist who drew hundreds of Saturday Evening Post magazine covers.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Cagney (born 1899, died 1986)
American actor.
- 1984 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Stewart (born 1908, died 1997)
American actor and WWII bomber pilot.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Mstislav Rostropovich (born 1927)
Soviet cellist, pianist and conductor.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Minor Wisdom (born 1905, died 1999)
American judge.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thomas P. ''Tip'' O'Neill, Jr.
U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William Franklin Graham Jr., (born 1918)
American evangelist.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Vernon A. Walters (born 1917)
American diplomat. Last U.S. ambassador to West Germany, 1989-90.
- 1991 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James A. Lovell, Jr.
American astronaut.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Fred W. Haise, Jr.
American astronaut.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born 1886, died 1969)
German-born American architect associated with the International Style.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Richard Buckminster Fuller (born 1895, died 1983)
American architect, engineer, poet and philosopher. Invented the geodesic dome.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Ieoh Ming Pei (born 1917)
Chinese-born American architect. Designed the East Building of the National Gallery of Art.
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George F. Kennan (born 1904)
American diplomat and historian.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Clarence L. Johnson
American aeronautical designer.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Detlev W. Bronk (born 1897, died 1975)
American physiologist.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Albert B. Sabin (born 1906, died 1993)
Polish-American biologist who developed an oral, live-virus vaccine for polio.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Simon Ramo (born 1913)
American engineer and missile specialist.
- 1983 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George M. Low
American space scientist.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Michael E. DeBakey
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Samuel Goldwyn (born 1879, died 1974)
Polish-born American filmmaker and producer. Original name: Schmuel Gelbfisz.
- 1971 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Bob Hope (born 1903)
English-born American comedian and actor.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Wayne (born 1907, died 1979)
American actor and director, known as ''The Duke.'' Original name: Marion Morrison.
- 1980 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Meredith Willson (born 1902, died 1984)
American composer. Best known for The Music Man.
- 1987 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eugene Ormandy (born 1899, died 1985)
Hungarian-born American conductor. Original name: Jenö Ormandy Blau.
- 1970 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Artur Rubinstein (born 1887, died 1982)
Polish-born American pianist.
- 1976 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Rudolf Serkin (born 1903, died 1991)
Austrian-born American pianist.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Isaac Stern (born 1920)
Russian-born American violinist.
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thomas Stearns ''T.S.'' Eliot (born 1888, died 1965)
American poet and critic.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Willem de Kooning (born 1904, died 1997)
Dutch-American Abstract Expressionist painter.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Barry Goldwater (born 1909, died 1998)
American politician. U.S. senator from Arizona (1953-64, 1969-87); Republican candidate for President in 1964.
- 1986 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Thornton Wilder (born 1897, died 1975)
American novelist and playwright.
- 1963 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edward R. Murrow (born 1908)
Broadcast journalist.
- 1964 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Archibald MacLeish (born 1892, died 1982)
American poet and playwright.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Irving Berlin (born 1888, died 1989)
American songwriter. Original name: Israel Baline.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Alexander Calder (born 1898, died 1976)
American sculptor known for his mobiles.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Neil Armstrong (born 1930)
American astronaut. The first person to walk on the moon.
- 1969 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jesse Owens (born 1913, died 1980)
African-American athlete whose outstanding performance at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin gave the lie to Hitler's claims of Aryan supremacy.
- 1976 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lech Walesa (born 1943)
Polish union organizer and statesman.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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C. Everett Koop (born 1916)
American physician and Surgeon General.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Johnny Carson (born 1925)
American comedian; longtime host of ''The Tonight Show.''
- 1992 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Joe DiMaggio (born 1914, died 1999)
''Joltin' Joe,'' one of baseball's most loved and respected figures.
- 1977 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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(James) Strom Thurmond (born 1902)
American politician. Prominent proponent of segregation and states' rights.
- 1993 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Frank Sinatra (born 1915, died 1998)
American singer and actor.
- 1985 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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George P. Shultz (born 1920)
American government official.
- 1989 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Herbert Block (Herblock) (born 1909)
American cartoonist.
- 1994 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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John Hope Franklin (born 1915)
American historian and educator known for his many books on African-American history.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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A. Leon Higginbotham
American jurist.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William T. Coleman, Jr.
American public official. As President Gerald Ford's Secretary of Transportation, he was the first African-American to serve in the cabinet.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Frank Johnson
American judge known for his involvement in landmark civil-rights cases.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Gaylord Nelson
American politician known for his devotion to environmental issues.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James W. Rouse (died 1996)
American urban planner and real-estate developer.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Willie Velasquez
Latino-American political activist. Founder of the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Lou Wasserman
American businessman and philanthropist.
- 1995 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Joseph Cardinal Bernardin (died 1996)
American religious leader.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Brady
American government official. Partially paralyzed by a wound received during an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan, he became a leading gun-control activist.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Millard Fuller
American social activist who founded Habitat for Humanity.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Hamburg
American psychiatrist.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Eugene Lang
American philanthropist. Founder of the I Have a Dream Foundation, which assists underpriviledged youth in pursuing a college degree.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Jan Nowak-Jezioranski
Polish-American political activist.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Morris Udall
American legislator known for his work on environmental legislation.
- 1996 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Arnold Aronson
American civil-rights leader.
- 1998 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert Coles
American child psychiatrist, educator and writer.
- 1998 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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James Farmer (born 1920, died 1999)
American civil-rights activist who founded the Contress of Racial Equality in 1942.
- 1998 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Fred Korematsu
Convicted in 1942 of violating the government's policy of interning Japanese Americans, Korematsu took his case to the Supreme Court, which upheld the decision in 1944.
- 1998 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Sol Linowitz
American lawyer and businessman. Co-founder of an organization that provides managerial and technical expertise to developing countries.
- 1998 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Mario G. Obledo
American lawyer and civil-rights leader.
- 1988 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Elliot L. Richardson
American government official. Best known for resigning the position of Attorney General during the Watergate scandal.
- 1988 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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David Rockefeller
American businessman and philanthropist.
- 1988 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Albert Shanker
American educator and labor leader.
- 1988 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Elmo Russell ''Bud'' Zumwalt, Jr. (died 2000)
American military leader and businessman. Commander of United States Naval Forces in Vietnam.
- 1988 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Robert Joseph ''Bob'' Dole (born 1923)
American politician. Senate majority leader who resigned his seat to run for the presidency in 1996.
- 1997 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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William James Perry (born 1927)
American government official.
- 1997 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
- 1997 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Dante Bruno Fascell (born 1917, died 1998)
- 1998 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Edgar Wayburn
Former president of Sierra Club; Member, American College of Physicians
- 1999 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born 1930)
German politician and former chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1982-1998)
- 1999 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Max M. Kampelman
American lawyer, diplomat and arms-control expert
- 1999 recipient of Presidential Medal of Freedom